JHSS (Journal of Humanities and Social Studies)
JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) Published by Universitas Pakuan JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) starting in 2025 migrates to better secure from various unwanted things, including journal hacking and so on. To submit, the author please visit the new website page of our journal at the link https://jhss-lppmunpak.id Welcome to Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, ACCREDITED by SINTA 3. Journal of Humanities and Social Studies is a journal that publishes scientific papers in the field of humanities and social studies. This Journal, run by Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, Universitas Pakuan, Bogor. The Journal provides opportunities for scholars to submit papers in humanities and social studies, and also management policies related to education, teaching, and learning fields which will be published online. The internet connection will add to the richness of information and scientific knowledge derived mainly from research. This journal is published three times a year, well documented in the form of books, which include a variety of humanities and social studies papers by writers of various backgrounds. In addition, we also have partners from local editor who graduated as profesor from some university who will review each article before publication. Each article or paper published in this Journal will definitely be useful to all visitors and readers. Articles submitted to this journal will be reviewed by reviewers before publication by double blind-review. e-ISSN: 2598-120X and p-ISSN : 2598-117X
The Influence of Perceived Service Quality and Product Assortment on Shopee Users’ Online Loyalty in Samarinda City
The rapid growth of e-commerce in Indonesia has intensified competition among digital marketplace platforms in maintaining user loyalty. In Samarinda City, the increasing use of internet access and digital transactions indicates that online shopping behavior is developing significantly. However, user loyalty remains a critical challenge, particularly in relation to perceived service quality and product assortment. This study aims to examine the influence of perceived service quality and product assortment on the online loyalty of Shopee users in Samarinda City. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method involving 100 Shopee users as respondents. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling, while data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 through validity testing, reliability testing, normality testing, multicollinearity testing, heteroscedasticity testing, multiple linear regression, t-test, and coefficient of determination analysis. The results show that perceived service quality has a positive and significant effect on online loyalty, with a regression coefficient of 0.583 and a significance value of 0.000. Product assortment also has a positive and significant effect on online loyalty, with a regression coefficient of 0.335 and a significance value of 0.000. The R Square value of 0.757 indicates that perceived service quality and product assortment explain 75.7% of the variance in online loyalty, while the remaining 24.3% is influenced by other variables outside the research model. These findings imply that Shopee should continuously improve service quality, responsiveness, application stability, transaction security, and product diversity to strengthen long-term user loyalty. This study contributes to the development of digital marketing strategies, particularly in enhancing customer loyalty on e-commerce platforms in a local market context.
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The Tradition Of Mayang Twins In Javanese Muslim Marriage (Islamic Legal Sociology Analysis)
Indonesia is known for its rich cultural heritage, one of which is Javanese culture that encompasses a variety of traditions, including wedding ceremonies. One significant element in traditional Javanese weddings is Kembar Mayang, a decorative arrangement made from young coconut leaves (janur kuning) that carries deep symbolic and philosophical meanings. This tradition serves not only as an ornament but also as a medium for instilling ethical values, spirituality, and social harmony. However, amid the currents of modernization and rising religious consciousness, the practice of Kembar Mayang has sparked differing views, particularly among the Muslim community in Sako Dua Village, Kerinci. While some consider it a cultural heritage worth preserving, others see it as conflicting with the tenets of Islamic monotheism (tawhid), deeming it to contain elements of shirk (polytheism). This study employs the Islamic legal sociology approach to analyze how the Kembar Mayang tradition is understood and practiced within its social and religious contexts. The research aims to offer a balanced understanding between cultural preservation and adherence to Islamic principles, and to promote an educational approach that ensures the tradition remains relevant without causing value-based conflicts in society.
Indonesian Cultural Diplomacy Strategy Through The Bipa Program In Building An Ecosystem Of Indonesian Language Learners In Germany, 2023–2025
As part of Indonesia’s cultural diplomacy and language internationalization agenda, the Indonesian Language for Foreign Speakers Program, known as BIPA, has become an important instrument for promoting Indonesian language and culture abroad. This study examines how the BIPA Program functions as a strategy of Indonesian cultural diplomacy in building an ecosystem of Indonesian language learners in Germany during the 2023–2025 period. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study draws on policy documents, relevant literature, institutional reports, and interviews with stakeholders involved in BIPA implementation. The findings show that the BIPA Program in Germany is supported by a strong legal and policy foundation, particularly Law No. 24 of 2009 and related regulations on the internationalization of the Indonesian language. The implementation of BIPA in Germany is carried out through cooperation between Indonesian government institutions, diplomatic representatives, APPBIPA, and German higher education institutions. The study identifies three main strategies: connection, consistency, and innovation. The connection strategy is reflected in institutional networks and diplomatic cooperation; consistency is shown through curriculum development, teacher training, and sustainable program implementation; while innovation appears in the use of digital media, culturally contextualized materials, and interactive learning methods. However, the program still faces several challenges, including limited authentic language environments, bureaucratic constraints, unequal institutional support, and competition with other global languages. The study concludes that BIPA has significant potential to strengthen Indonesia’s soft power in Germany, but its sustainability requires stronger policy coordination, broader promotion, improved teacher capacity, and more adaptive learning innovation.
An Islamic Anthropological Approach At The Local Level: A Study Of Religious Practices Of Muslim Communities In East Kalimantan
This study examines the Islamic anthropological approach as a methodological framework for understanding the religious practices of Muslim communities at the local level, particularly in East Kalimantan. Using qualitative-ethnographic methods, this research seeks to reveal how Islamic values are articulated, negotiated, and practiced within distinctive local cultural contexts. The Islamic anthropological approach does not merely position Islam as a fixed normative system, but rather views it as a living tradition that continuously interacts with customary values, local wisdom, and social dynamics of local communities. The findings indicate that Muslim communities in East Kalimantan have successfully built a harmonious synthesis between universal Islamic teachings and local traditions through a long process of cultural acculturation. Three patterns of cultural negotiation were identified: selective accommodation, meaning transformation, and creative resistance. Local ulama play a central role as intelligent cultural mediators in this process. These findings contribute theoretically to the development of Islamic anthropology and practically to multicultural Islamic religious education
Substitutive Authority Of Minority Shareholders In The Dissolution Of A Limited Liability Company In The Event Of A Vacuum Of Power Within The Board Of Directors
In the practice of limited liability companies, situations often arise where the Board of Directors no longer performs its management functions, causing the company’s decision-making mechanisms to reach an impasse. This situation places minority shareholders in a vulnerable position, even though Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies (UUPT) has, in principle, provided them with protections and scope of authority. This study aims to analyze the legal authority of minority shareholders in filing a request to convene an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders (EGMS) with the agenda of dissolving the company, as well as to examine the mechanisms for the dissolution and liquidation of the company when the Board of Directors no longer fulfills its obligations. The method used is a normative legal approach through an examination of legislation, legal doctrine, and court decisions, specifically the Mataram District Court Decision No. 21/Pdt.P/2022/PN Mtr as a case study. The research findings indicate that minority shareholders possess legal authority—both substitutive and procedural—to initiate the convening of an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders (EGMS) through a court order as a means of restoring decision-making mechanisms that have stalled due to the Board of Directors’ negligence. The subsequent liquidation mechanism further confirms that executive authority is fully transferred to the liquidator upon appointment, so that the role of minority shareholders is limited to a supervisory function to ensure the accountability of the liquidation process without taking over management functions.
Global Activism In The Governance Of Gender-Responsive Policies At Cop 28 In 2023
Climate change is not only an environmental issue but also closely linked to social inequality, including gender inequality. In the context of global climate governance, gender mainstreaming has become a crucial approach to ensuring that climate policies are responsive to the needs of groups disproportionately affected by the climate crisis. This research aims to analyze the role of global activism in promoting the integration of gender-responsive policies into international climate governance processes, particularly at the COP 28. COP 28, held in Dubai, marked an important momentum for strengthening gender-responsive policies in global climate negotiations. This was reflected in the introduction of the first-ever Gender Day and the launch of the Gender-Responsive Just Transitions and Climate Action Partnership, both of which emphasized the importance of equitable and inclusive energy transitions. Within the broader international policy framework, the integration of gender perspectives is further supported by instruments such as the Gender Action Plan (GAP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as gender-sensitive funding mechanisms through the Green Climate Fund. Moreover, the integration of gender perspectives in global climate governance increasingly adopts an intersectional approach. This approach recognizes that vulnerability to climate change is shaped not only by gender but also by other factors such as social class, ethnicity, geographic location, and economic status. Through an analysis of policy dynamics and practices emerging from COP 28, this study seeks to examine how pressure and advocacy from global activist actors contribute to strengthening gender-responsive climate policies. In addition, it aims to explore the relationship between global activism and the development of more inclusive international climate policies within the framework of global climate governance.
Analysis Of The Indonesian National Police’s Merit-Based Assessment Center For The Position Of Head Of Society Guidence Section At The Central Java Regional Police
The transformation of public sector human resource management requires the implementation of an objective and professional merit-based system; however, its implementation in Indonesia—particularly regarding the use of Assessment Centers—still faces various challenges. This study aims to analyze the implementation of a merit-based Assessment Center in the selection process for the position of Head of Community Relations (Kasat Binmas) at the Central Java Regional Police Headquarters and to identify the factors influencing it. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach through a literature review of relevant scientific sources and policy documents. The results indicate that, normatively, the Assessment Center has been conducted in accordance with meritocratic principles using comprehensive instruments; however, empirically, its effectiveness remains suboptimal, marked by a predominance of candidates in the intermediate competency category and a scarcity of candidates with outstanding qualifications. Major obstacles include low applicant interest, budget constraints, low assessor capacity, limited digital literacy among candidates, as well as potential bias and interference in the selection process. The implications of this study underscore the need for institutional capacity building, enhanced human resource competencies, and the optimization of transparent and accountable governance to realize an effective and sustainable merit-based system in the management of the Indonesian National Police’s human resources.
Collaborative Governance In Tourism Sector Management To Enhance Local Own-Source Revenue (Pad) In Southeast Maluku Regency, Maluku Province
This study analyzes the implementation of collaborative governance in tourism sector management and its contribution to Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD) in Southeast Maluku Regency. Despite the region's substantial tourism potential and a significant increase in tourist arrivals from 18,264 in 2020 to 129,300 in 2024, the contribution of the tourism sector to PAD declined from 22.73% in 2022 to 18.35% in 2024. The study aims to analyze the implementation of collaborative governance, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and assess the creation of public value. A qualitative approach with a single-case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with nine informants representing local government, the private sector, and the community, as well as through field observations, document reviews, and the analysis of digital and audiovisual materials. The findings indicate that collaborative governance remains at the stage of pseudo-collaboration. Power, resource, and knowledge asymmetries are highly pronounced. Institutional design remains weak due to the absence of operational technical regulations governing partnerships, as well as the lack of specific tax and levy regulations for the tourism sector. Facilitative leadership has been inconsistent, as evidenced by seven changes in the position of Head of the Tourism Office within a four-year period. Furthermore, collaborative processes are largely event-driven and conducted on an irregular basis. Supporting factors include the government's normative commitment, the Regional Tourism Development Master Plan Regulation (RIPPARKAB), the local Maren culture, and small economic gains generated at the community level. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors are systemic in nature, including government dominance, the absence of technical regulations, non-permanent collaborative forums, low transparency, sectoral ego, and the geographical challenges associated with an archipelagic region. The study concludes that these small wins have failed to be transformed into increased PAD due to the weak institutionalization of collaborative mechanisms and the absence of horizontal accountability.
A Model for Waqf-Based Policy Innovation in Sukabumi City a Case Study of the Sukabumi City Endowment Fund Program
This study aims to analyze waqf-based policy innovation through the Sukabumi City Endowment Fund Program, identify its institutional barriers, and formulate an ideal policy model for local government. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research was conducted in Sukabumi City, West Java. Seventeen key informants were purposively selected from local government institutions, the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI), nazirs, Islamic organizations, and community representatives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, and were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model combined with theory-driven thematic analysis based on Scott’s Institutional Theory. The findings reveal that the implementation of the policy has not been optimal due to institutional misalignment. First, the regulative pillar remains weak, as indicated by the absence of local regulations on cash waqf and the unavailability of standard operating procedures. Second, the normative pillar is fragile, reflected in conflicts of interest between the mayor and the partner foundation, as well as low public trust. Third, the cognitive pillar is fragmented, as shown by the existence of at least seven conflicting cognitive schemas among the actors involved. As a theoretical contribution, this study extends Institutional Theory by introducing the concept of Institutional Synergy and proposing a fourth pillar, namely the Collaborative Pillar. This pillar consists of five components: a multistakeholder forum, early engagement, total transparency, an anti-conflict-of-interest mechanism, and a wakif forum. Practically, this study recommends that local governments establish a clear legal framework before program implementation, ensure multi-actor engagement from the planning stage, and implement total transparency to strengthen public trust. The proposed model may be replicated by other regions with similar socio-religious characteristics.
Designing 2D Assets as Digital Promotional Media for Batak Mandailing Culture
Designing 2D Assets as Digital Promotional Media for Batak Mandailing Traditional Clothing. This study is motivated by the declining appreciation of younger generations for local culture amid globalization and the rapid development of digital media. The research object focuses on Batak Mandailing traditional clothing, visualized in the form of 2D illustration assets, including men’s and women’s traditional attire and supporting elements such as ulos, bulang, colors, and traditional accessories. This study aims to design representative and communicative 2D visual assets as digital promotional media as well as a means of cultural education. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a visual design approach through the stages of data collection, visual analysis, sketching, digitalization, coloring, and finalization. The results show that 2D illustrations in a semi-realistic style can visually represent Mandailing traditional clothing without eliminating its symbolic values. In addition, this visualization can enhance aesthetic appeal, making it more acceptable to audiences, especially younger generations. In conclusion, the design of 2D illustration assets for Batak Mandailing traditional clothing can serve as an effective digital promotional medium as well as a visual educational tool to support the preservation and strengthening of local cultural identity in the digital era.
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights from the Perspective of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia and Korea in the Case Study of Illit’s Plagiarism Against NewJeans
The contemporary music industry has transformed into an ecosystem based on concepts, visual identity, and brand image with high economic value. The practice of musician imitation, including the imitation of group concepts, choreography, visual style, and brand identity, is difficult to address under conventional copyright law, which protects only expression and not ideas. The main legal issue is whether the imitation of creative concepts that are not protected by copyright can be categorized as unfair business competition. This study uses a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches. The results show that South Korea, through the Unfair Competition Prevention Act (UCPA) and the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA), has adopted a progressive legal framework that protects “substantial investment and effort” in creating brand identity, as demonstrated in the Seoul Court decision on the ILLIT vs NewJeans dispute in February 2026, which fulfilled three elements of unfair competition: confusion, parasitic copying, and misappropriation of trade secrets. In contrast, Indonesia still relies on a narrow copyright approach under Law No. 28 of 2014, Article 41, and Law No. 5 of 1999 on Business Competition, which has not specifically regulated concept imitation. This study recommends the reformulation of Law No. 5 of 1999, the strengthening of the role of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU), and the preparation of plagiarism guidelines as a form of preventive protection for Indonesian musicians.
The Role Of Hotel Facilities And Services In Increasing Consumer Satisfaction And Revenue Of The Hotel Industry In Jakarta
The hospitality industry in Jakarta faces increasingly intense competition, making a thorough understanding of the determinants of guest loyalty a pressing strategic necessity. This study aims to analyze the influence of facilities, service quality, and customer satisfaction on guest loyalty at star-rated hotels in Jakarta. A quantitative approach was employed with a cross-sectional survey design involving 306 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The research instrument consisted of a Likert-scale questionnaire comprising 31 statement items, which were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression, preceded by classical assumption tests including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. The results indicate that simultaneously, facilities, service quality, and customer satisfaction have a significant effect on guest loyalty, with F = 367.421 (sig. < 0.001) and R Square = 0.809. Partially, facilities emerged as the most dominant predictor (β = 0.648, sig. < 0.001), followed by customer satisfaction (β = 0.210, sig. = 0.001), while service quality showed no significant partial effect. This study underscores the importance of sustained investment in hotel facilities and continuous enhancement of customer satisfaction as primary strategies for building long-term guest loyalty in Jakarta's competitive hospitality market.
The Influence Of Brand Image And Social Media Marketing On Purchase Decisions Through Customer Engagement In Premium Motorcycle Consumers In Indonesia
The expansion of the premium motorcycle industry in Indonesia has demonstrated substantial growth, concomitant with the rise of automotive lifestyles, motorcycle communities, and the utilization of social media as a marketing communication instrument. Within the premium motorcycle market, consumer purchasing decisions are influenced not solely by the functional attributes of the product but also by brand image, digital marketing initiatives, and the consumer's emotional engagement with the brand. This study aims to examine the impact of brand image and social media marketing on purchasing decisions mediated by customer engagement among premium motorcycle consumers in Indonesia. The investigation concentrated on consumers who are familiar with or exhibit interest in the Royal Enfield, Harley-Davidson, and Triumph motorcycle brands. The findings reveal that brand image exerts a positive and significant effect on both customer engagement and purchase decisions. Additionally, social media marketing demonstrates a positive and significant impact on customer engagement and purchase decisions. Moreover, customer engagement is shown to have a positive and significant influence on purchase decisions and functions as a mediator in the relationship between brand image, social media marketing, and purchase decisions among premium motorcycle consumers in Indonesia. These results underscore that a robust brand image, interactive social media activities, and consumer engagement with the brand constitute critical factors in enhancing purchase decisions within the premium motorcycle market
Normative RevieNormative Review Of Ipr Enforcement Efforts On Illegal Iptv And Its Impact On Indonesia's Position On The Priority Watch Listw of Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Efforts on Illegal Internet Protocol Television and Its Impact on Indonesia's Position on the Priority Watch List
The development of digital technology has driven significant transformation in the broadcasting industry through the use of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). However, the growth of illegal IPTV services that distribute content without authorization has generated serious challenges for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), particularly copyright. In Indonesia, illegal IPTV practices constitute one of the contributing factors to the weak enforcement of IPR and have influenced Indonesia’s continued placement on the Priority Watch List (PWL) issued by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR). This condition reflects ongoing tensions between national legal frameworks and international standards in addressing digital-based IPR violations. This study aims to analyze the legal basis and scope of regulations that qualify illegal IPTV services as violations of IPR within the Indonesian legal system, as well as to examine the construction of legal protection against illegal IPTV services from the perspective of the PWL. The research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches. The analysis focuses on national legal provisions governing IPR protection, particularly copyright, as well as international legal instruments and non-binding policies, such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and PWL reports issued by the USTR. The findings indicate that illegal IPTV services legally fulfill the elements of IPR infringement, as they involve unauthorized reproduction, distribution, and communication of copyrighted works to the public. Although Indonesia has established a national legal framework for IPR protection, the existing legal construction faces significant challenges in responding to the complexities of technology-based infringements and evolving international standards. Therefore, strengthening and updating legal policies that are more adaptive to digital technological developments is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of IPR protection and to improve Indonesia’s position within the international IPR protection regime.
User Perceptions Of The Security Of Personal Health Data On Chatgpt In Indonesia
This study aims to explore the relationship between perceptions of data security and privacy, awareness of cyberattacks, and other factors that influence users’ trust in ChatGPT and their willingness to provide personal information. Data was collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using SmartPLS. This study examines eight main variables, namely: Privacy Concern (PC), Perceived Effectiveness of Government Regulation (PEGR), Trust in ChatGPT (TR), Moral Motive (MM), Perceived Intelligence (PI), Perceived Risk (PR), Perceived Benefit (PB), and Sharing Willingness (SW). This study tested nine hypotheses regarding the influence of these variables. Data were collected via a questionnaire using a 1–5 Likert scale and analyzed using SmartPLS to test the relationships among constructs using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The analysis results indicate that four of the proposed hypotheses were supported, with p-values < 0.05, suggesting that the decision to share personal data is significantly influenced by perceived benefits, which are in turn influenced by perceptions of ChatGPT’s intelligence and trust in the platform. Perceived Risk does not have a significant impact on Sharing Willingness; however, privacy concerns influence users’ perceptions of risk. The results of this study indicate that the benefits of using ChatGPT, significantly influences their willingness to share personal health data. This study suggests that the sample size should be increased to conduct a more in-depth analysis of information-sharing decisions. Keywords: ChatGPT, Data Privacy Calculus, Health Information, Willingness to Share
An Exploration Of Information Security Factors In Dwdm Transmission Systems For Telecommunications Infrastructure: A Case Study Of PT. XYZ
This study aims to explore the factors influencing the information security of the DWDM transmission system at PT. XYZ using a qualitative approach. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with experts directly involved in the operation of the DWDM network and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques with the assistance of ATLAS.ti. Technical parameters of optical networks such as OSNR, BER, and optical power were used to understand network conditions; ITU-T standards were used to map the architecture and assets of the DWDM transmission system; and the NIST SP 800-30 methodology was used to interpret the findings in the context of threats, vulnerabilities, and their impact on Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA). The research results identified seven main groups of factors affecting the information security of DWDM transmission systems, namely Outside Plant (OSP) Security Issues, Inside Plant (ISP) Security Issues, Monitoring & Detection Limitations, Access Control & Configuration Weaknesses, Documentation, Policy & Governance Gaps, Environmental & Power Risks, and Incident & Preventive Weaknesses. These findings indicate that the information security of DWDM transmission systems is influenced by the interaction between technical and non-technical aspects; thus, this research is expected to provide an academic contribution and serve as a practical reference for PT. XYZ in enhancing the security resilience of its DWDM network.
The Influence of Work Motivation and Work Environment on Employee Performance with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as an Intervening Variable at PT. XYZ
This research is titled The Influence of Work Motivation and Work Environment on Employee Performance through OCB at PT XYZ. The purpose of this study is to mediate OCB in the influence of work motivation and work environment on employee performance. This study uses a quantitative approach with a data collection method in the form of a questionnaire. The study population was 1,863 employees, with a sample of 95 employees determined using the Slovin formula. The data analysis techniques used include t-test, F test, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, and path analysis. The results of the study show that work motivation and work environment have a significant and positive effect on employee performance. In addition, these two variables also have a significant and positive effect on OCB. The results of further analysis of OCB may play a role as a mediating variable in the influence of work motivation and work environment on employee performance.
Legal Protection Against Default of Apartment Sale and Purchase Agreement: (Case Study of PT PROSPECT)
Bankruptcy and the Debt Payment Obligation Suspension (PKPU) process of property developers often cause serious problems for apartment buyers who have fulfilled payment obligations but have not obtained units as agreed. In practice, homologation judgments that ratify peace plans often require consumers to continue paying, even if there has been previous defaults in the form of delays or development failures. This condition creates tension between the binding principle of homologation in bankruptcy law and the contractual rights of consumers based on civil law and consumer protection. Analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and the Bankruptcy Law and PKPU shows that the developer's default gives birth to the right for the buyer to demand the fulfillment of achievements, cancellation of agreements, or compensation. The principle of exceptio non adimpleti contractus provides legitimacy for the buyer to refuse to continue payment if the developer's obligations have not been met. Empirically, it was found that there was an imbalance in the bargaining position and a lack of legal certainty for consumers in the PKPU mechanism, especially because of their position as concurrent creditors. The developer's legal responsibility is not removed due to bankruptcy, but remains inherent in the form of an obligation to recover losses in accordance with the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. Harmonization between the bankruptcy law regime and consumer protection is an urgent need to ensure substantive justice for property buyers.
The Prudential Principle of Land Deed Officials in Addressing Defects of Consent in Deeds of Division of Joint Rights over Marital Joint Property
The Deed of Division of Joint Rights (Akta Pembagian Hak Bersama or APHB) is an important legal instrument in the division of land rights, including land classified as joint marital property following divorce. In practice, the preparation of an APHB may give rise to legal issues when the consent of one party, particularly the wife, is given under circumstances that are not free, such as domestic pressure, economic dependence, or abuse of marital power. This study aims to analyze the responsibility and prudential standards of Land Deed Officials (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah or PPAT) in detecting defects of consent resulting from abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden) in the preparation of an APHB, as well as to examine the legal consequences of deeds made under such conditions. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, particularly through an examination of Supreme Court Decision Number 227 K/Pdt/2019 and South Jakarta District Court Decision Number 1079/Pdt.G/2024/PN Jakarta Selatan. The results show that PPATs are not only administratively responsible for examining document completeness, but are also obliged to substantively ensure the existence of free consent from the parties. A PPAT’s negligence in detecting domestic pressure or abuse of circumstances may render an APHB voidable, or even null and void if the transfer of joint marital property is carried out without valid consent from the entitled party. In addition, PPATs may be held administratively, civilly, or criminally liable depending on the degree of fault. Therefore, the active application of the prudential principle is essential to ensure legal certainty and protection for vulnerable parties in the division of joint marital property.
Dualism in the Enforcement of Mortgage Rights over Disputed Objects: A Study between Parate Execution and Executorial Beslag
The enforcement of Mortgage Rights in Indonesia is essentially intended to provide legal certainty for creditors in obtaining repayment of receivables when debtors default. However, in practice, the enforcement of Mortgage Rights over disputed objects continues to raise legal issues, particularly due to the dualism between the mechanisms of parate execution and executorial beslag. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of parate execution and executorial beslag, examine the dualism of their implementation in judicial practice, and assess the legal certainty of Mortgage Rights enforcement over disputed objects. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed through descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights has provided a legal basis for creditors to carry out enforcement through parate execution and executorial title. However, in judicial practice, the enforcement of disputed objects often still involves the court through the mechanism of executorial beslag. This condition creates inconsistency in the application of law and affects legal certainty for creditors, debtors, and third parties. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and consistency in judicial practice are needed so that the enforcement of Mortgage Rights can be carried out effectively, fairly, and with balanced legal protection for all parties.
The Effect Of Digital Hr Transformation And Work Flexibility On Employee Performance Through Employee Engagement With The Moderating Role Of Employee Well-Being In The Hospitality Sector
The increasing integration of digital technology into organizational activities has significantly reshaped human resource management practices, particularly within the hospitality industry. Alongside these technological developments, changing work patterns and greater demands for workplace flexibility have encouraged organizations to rethink how employees are managed, engaged, and supported. This study investigates the influence of digital HR transformation and work flexibility on employee performance through employee engagement, while also examining the moderating role of employee well-being in the Indonesian hospitality sector. A quantitative explanatory approach was employed in this research. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to employees working in hotels, restaurants, and tourism-related businesses. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). In this model, digital HR transformation and work flexibility function as independent variables, employee engagement acts as a mediating variable, employee performance serves as the dependent variable, and employee well-being is positioned as a moderating variable. The findings are expected to indicate that both digital HR transformation and work flexibility contribute positively to employee engagement. Employees who experience supportive digital systems and adaptive working arrangements are more likely to feel emotionally connected to their work and organization. Higher levels of engagement are also expected to improve employee performance and mediate the relationship between organizational practices and performance outcomes. Furthermore, employee well-being is predicted to strengthen the relationship between employee engagement and employee performance. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on digital-based Strategic Human Resource Management by offering an integrated framework that combines technological, psychological, and organizational perspectives. Practically, the findings are expected to assist hospitality organizations in designing more adaptive and employee-centered HR strategies in the digital era.
Big Data Dominance as a Market Entry Barrier in Digital Marketplace: A Legal Analysis under Indonesian Competition Law
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has elevated data to a strategic asset that determines competitive advantage within e commerce ecosystems. The massive accumulation of Big Data by incumbent marketplace platforms potentially creates significant barriers to entry for new market players, thereby undermining competitive market structures. This study aims to (1) analyze the legal qualification of Big Data control by incumbent platforms as a barrier to entry under the Essential Facilities Doctrine, and (2) evaluate the adequacy of Indonesian competition law, particularly Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition, in addressing digital data based dominant position abuse. Employing a normative legal research method with statute and conceptual approaches, this study examines relevant legislation and applies Network Effects Theory, Lock in Effect Theory, and the Essential Facilities Doctrine as analytical frameworks. The findings reveal that Big Data constitutes a barrier to entry by generating information asymmetry, network effects, and consumer lock in that new competitors cannot easily replicate. The existing legal framework exhibits critical gaps, as the definition of dominant position under Law No. 5 of 1999 remains oriented toward financial turnover and physical assets, leaving digital market power unmeasured. This study recommends amending Law No. 5 of 1999 to incorporate data volume and algorithmic capacity as indicators of dominant position, strengthening the supervisory authority of KPPU (Business Competition Supervisory Commission) through algorithmic audit powers, and integrating data portability rights within the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) as a structural remedy to reduce digital market entry barriers. Keywords: Big Data; Competition Law; Barriers to Entry; Digital Marketplace; Dominant Position; Essential Facilities
Driving Sustainable Employee Performance: The Mediating Role Of Regulatory Dynamics In High-Risk Industries
Effective employee performance in high-risk industries is not simply a function of technical skills; it also stems from the way employees' competence, cross-cultural organisational culture, knowledge transfer, and regulatory dynamics are matched in everyday operations. This study examines regulatory dynamics as a mediating mechanism between internal organisational resources and sustainable employee performance in multinational smelting operations. The model was analysed with Partial Least Squares structural equation modelling, and a quantitative causal design was used to survey 347 operational workers. The measuring model shows satisfactory reflection validity with all outside loadings between 0.698 and 0.863 and computed AVE values above 0.50. The structural model explained 68.9% of the variance of regulatory dynamics and 30.3% of sustainable employee performance. Knowledge transfer has the largest relationship with regulatory dynamics (beta = 0.718), is followed by organisational culture (beta = 0.149), and is marginally associated with employee competence (beta = 0.001). Regulatory dynamics add positively to sustainable employee performance (beta = 0.550). The results imply that sustainable performance in hazardous and cross-cultural industrial contexts requires the institutionalisation of knowledge, safety, and compliance through explicit operational procedures. Abstract Keywords: employee competency, knowledge transfer, organisational culture, regulatory dynamics, and sustainable employee performance.
The Influence of Content Marketing, Online Customer Reviews, and Product Quality on Interest in Buying Mykonos Perfume Products on Shopee E-Commerce (Study on Generation Z in Surabaya)
This study aims to identify and analyze the influence of Content Marketing, Online Customer Reviews, and Product Quality on Generation Z’s purchase intent for Mykonos perfume products on the Shopee e-commerce platform in Surabaya. The research method employed is a quantitative method using an associative approach. Data collection was conducted by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The sample in this study consisted of 157 Generation Z respondents in Surabaya who were aware of or had seen Mykonos perfume products on Shopee. The data analysis techniques used included validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination using SPSS software. The results of the study indicate that Content Marketing, Online Customer Reviews, and Product Quality simultaneously have a significant effect on the purchase intention for Mykonos perfume products. Partially, Content Marketing has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, Online Customer Reviews have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, and Product Quality has a positive and significant effect on the purchase intention for Mykonos perfume products on the Shopee e-commerce platform. These findings indicate that the better the content marketing strategy, the more positive the customer reviews, and the higher the product quality, the greater consumers’ interest in purchasing Mykonos perfumes will be.
The Effect Of Fear Of Missing Out (Fomo), Flash Sale, And Social Influence On Skincare Product Purchase Decisions At Tiktok Shop (A Study On Generation Z In Surabaya)
The increasing use of TikTok Shop has driven changes in consumer purchasing behavior, particularly among Generation Z when buying skincare products. This study aims to analyze the influence of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Flash Sales, and Social Influence on purchase decisions for skincare products on TikTok Shop among Generation Z in Surabaya. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The research sample consisted of 157 respondents determined using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique used non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling method, specifically targeting Generation Z in Surabaya who had previously purchased skincare products on TikTok Shop. Data were collected via a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS. The results of this study indicate that Fear of Missing Out, Flash Sales, and Social Influence have a positive and significant effect on Purchase Decisions, both partially and simultaneously. This study demonstrates that marketing strategies based on urgency and social influence can increase the purchase of skincare products among Generation Z on TikTok Shop
An Analysis Of Post-Relocation Adaptation Among Displaced Residents From An Urban Politics Perspective: A Case Study Of The Relocation Of TPU Kebon Nanas Residents To Pulo Gebang Rusunawa
The problem of slum settlements in urban areasencourage the DKI Jakarta government to implement a relocation policy, including for residents living in the Kebon Nanas Public Cemetery (TPU) area. A total of 103 families were relocated to the Pulo Gebang Flats based on the Instruction of the Regional Secretary of DKI Jakarta Province Number 89 of 2025 as an effort to restore the function of the cemetery land. This study aims to analyze the economic, social, and cultural adaptation of the residents of TPU Kebon Nanas after the relocation from an urban politics perspective. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the relocation process took place in a top-down manner with minimal space for citizen participation, thus triggering resistance in the form of protests and walkouts. Post-relocation, residents face adaptation challenges, especially the loss of the economic ecosystem that has been formed over many years.In social and cultural aspects, residents experience changes in interaction patterns and social norms due to the move from horizontal to vertical housing, however, social networks are still maintained through joint activities.This study uses the urban politics theoretical framework of David Harvey and Mike Davis to read the structural conditions underlying residents' adaptation experiences.
Assessing Organizational Readiness For Hospital Transformation: Evidence From Program Hasil Terbaik Cepat Implementation At RSUD Rupit
Limited achievement of service indicators and organizational resources indicates a readiness gap within RSUD Rupit in facing the implementation of the Program Hasil Terbaik Cepat (PHTC). This study examines organizational readiness for the implementation of the Program Hasil Terbaik Cepat (PHTC) at RSUD Rupit using a quantitative approach based on the R = MC² framework. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 183 respondents selected through proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Readiness Diagnostic Scale (RDS) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, z-score standardization, and comparative analysis across readiness dimensions.The results indicate that organizational motivation is the strongest dimension (79.00%), followed by general capacity (66.23%), while innovation-specific capacity remains the weakest (51.48%). Z-score analysis confirms a readiness imbalance, where high motivation is not supported by adequate technical capacity. Further analysis shows that leadership and organizational innovativeness contribute significantly to readiness, whereas staff capacity and technical competence are the main limiting factors. The study concludes that strengthening innovation-specific capacity is the primary priority for improving organizational readiness. These findings provide empirical evidence for policymakers and hospital management to design targeted interventions for accelerating hospital transformation programs.
A Critical Analysis of the Inbreng Agreement Between PTPN II and PT Nusa Dua Propertindo from the Perspective of Defective Consent Doctrine: Misbruik van Omstandigheden
This article critically examines the inbreng agreement concerning land assets under Hak Guna Usaha (HGU/Right to Cultivate) from PTPN II to PT Nusa Dua Propertindo (PT NDP) from the perspectives of contract law, company law, land law, state-owned enterprise law, and the doctrine of defective consent in the form of abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden). This study is motivated by the use of corporate instruments to optimize or transfer state-owned enterprise assets through capital contribution in the form of land, which is subsequently connected to the conversion of HGU into Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB/Right to Build), operational cooperation with property developers, and allegations of state financial losses. This research applies a normative legal method with descriptive-analytical specifications, using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed through qualitative juridical analysis. The findings indicate that inbreng is, in principle, a lawful legal act under Article 34 of the Indonesian Company Law, provided that it involves transferable objects, fair valuation, and proper corporate procedures. However, when the object of inbreng is HGU land belonging to a state-owned enterprise, its validity cannot be assessed merely on formal grounds. It must be substantively examined through the authority of corporate organs, the principles of good corporate governance, compliance with land law, the governance of state-owned enterprise assets, the state’s entitlement arising from the conversion of HGU into HGB, and the quality of corporate consent. This article argues that misbruik van omstandigheden is relevant in assessing whether the consent to the inbreng was formed freely and proportionally, or instead resulted from the exploitation of special circumstances, such as pressure to optimize assets, dependency on development schemes, information asymmetry, conflicts of interest, and imbalance of economic benefits. If proven, the legal consequence may be the annulment of the agreement; whereas if the defect concerns the object or causa that is contrary to law, the agreement may be declared null and void, accompanied by the recovery of state assets.
Green Leadership and Sustainable Employee Engagement in Driving Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE): A Systematic Literature Review
This article presents a systematic literature review that explores the linkages between green leadership, sustainability-focused employee engagement, and today's organizational context. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, this study examined 45 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025. The results of this survey reveal that green leadership styles, especially green transformational leadership, environmentally-specific servant leadership (ESSL), and eco-centric leadership have been proven to have a significant effect on employee engagement in various sustainability initiatives and are able to encourage pro-environmental behaviors that are carried out voluntarily. Important findings in this study show that sustainable employee engagement plays a key mediator linking green leadership to OCBE. The mechanisms behind it include green psychological capital (GpsyCap), green organizational climate, and environmental self-efficacy. The study also identified three key dimensions of OCBE, namely eco-initiatives, eco-civic engagement, and eco-assistance, all of which are positively influenced by authentic green leadership. The practice of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) is also present as a supporting mechanism that strengthens the path of leadership, involvement, OCBE. From a theoretical perspective, this approach contributes by presenting a comprehensive framework that combines various perspectives and into a whole whole. In practical terms, these findings underscore the importance of organizations investing in green leadership competency development, building a well-rounded GHRM system, and creating an organizational climate conducive to employees' voluntary environmental civic behavior.
A Systematic Review of the Role of Employee Well-Being in Enhancing Organizational Commitment
This study aims to explore the important role of employee well-being in enhancing employees’ commitment to their organization. In an increasingly competitive work environment, organizations need to pay attention to employee well-being as a key factor in creating strong and sustainable relationships. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study analyzes 100 scientific articles published between 2013 and 2023. The findings show that employee well-being, including psychological well-being, work-life balance, and organizational support, has a significant positive impact on employees’ commitment to their organization. These findings confirm that by improving employee well-being, organizations can strengthen loyalty, reduce turnover rates, and improve performance. This study recommends that employee well-being should become a central part of human resource management policies in order to create a mutually beneficial relationship between employees and organizations.
A Critical Review of Sale and Purchase Agreements in the Transfer of Land Rights: An Analysis of Dwaling as a Defect of Consent
A land sale and purchase agreement is a legal act that involves not only private law relations but also land administration and legal certainty. One of the key issues arising in such transactions is dwaling or mistake, a defect of consent that occurs when a party enters into an agreement based on an erroneous understanding of the essential elements of the contractual object. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of dwaling in land sale and purchase agreements, identify the forms of mistake that occur in practice, and examine its legal consequences and possible remedies. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation of the Indonesian Civil Code, land law regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that the regulation of dwaling under Indonesian positive law remains general and has not been specifically harmonized with the characteristics of land transactions. Mistakes in land sale and purchase agreements commonly concern land area and boundaries, land title status, the authority of the seller, the existence of disputes, legal encumbrances, and restrictions on land use. The legal consequence of an agreement containing dwaling is that the agreement may be annulled, provided that the mistake concerns an essential element of the contract. Therefore, strengthening the precautionary principle for Land Deed Officials, improving the accuracy of land data, and ensuring balanced legal protection between transactional certainty and justice for the mistaken party are necessary.
Marketing Ambidexterity Research: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
This study systematically reviews the development of marketing ambidexterity research and proposes a future research agenda by examining publication trends, antecedents, consequences, and existing research gaps. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach using the Scopus database. The search focused on reputable English-language journal articles published between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2025. Of the 278 articles initially identified, 45 were selected for in-depth analysis. Bibliometric analysis and thematic synthesis were conducted to map publication trends, dominant themes, conceptual relationships, and future research directions. The findings indicate that marketing ambidexterity has increasingly been examined through the perspectives of market-driven orientation, market-driving orientation, digital marketing capabilities, entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities, and small and medium-sized enterprise performance. The main antecedents include entrepreneurial orientation, online marketing capabilities, digital capabilities, market knowledge, and cross-functional capabilities. Its primary consequences include business performance, innovation performance, competitive advantage, and sustainable competitive advantage. This review is limited to reputable English-language journal articles published within the specified period. Future studies should develop more robust measurement models, employ longitudinal and multilevel research designs, and extend the investigation to emerging markets, small and medium-sized enterprises, service industries, digital platforms, and crisis contexts. This study contributes to the literature by synthesizing fragmented knowledge on marketing ambidexterity and clarifying its antecedents, consequences, theoretical gaps, and future research agenda. It also provides practical insights for designing adaptive, data-driven, and innovation-oriented marketing strategies.
The Effect of Distribution Strategy on Cigarette Product Availability in Traditional Retail Stores
This study aims to examine the effects of distribution strategy and the use of distribution technology on cigarette product availability in traditional retail outlets in Jember Regency. A quantitative approach employing an explanatory and cross-sectional research design was adopted. The sample comprised 120 owners or managers of traditional retail outlets selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 3. The results show that distribution strategy has a positive and significant effect on product availability, with a path coefficient of 0.943, a t-statistic of 24.940, and a p-value of less than 0.001. In contrast, the use of distribution technology has a negative path coefficient of −0.075; therefore, the hypothesis proposing a positive effect of distribution technology use on product availability is not supported. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.780 indicates that distribution strategy and the use of distribution technology jointly explain 78% of the variance in product availability. These findings demonstrate that delivery consistency, distributor–retailer relationships, distribution coverage, and order fulfillment accuracy play a more substantial role in maintaining product availability than the independent use of technology. Distribution technology should therefore be integrated with accurate inventory data, reliable order fulfillment processes, and responsive distributor services to provide more optimal operational benefits.
Research Trends on Agricultural Sustainability in Eastern Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review
Sustainable agriculture in Eastern Indonesia plays a strategic role in ensuring food security and supporting rural livelihoods. However, its development continues to face various challenges, including land degradation, climate change, and dependence on traditional agricultural practices. This study aims to identify research trends and developments related to sustainable agriculture in Eastern Indonesia through a systematic literature review using a bibliometric approach. The research data were obtained from scientific publications indexed in the Scopus database. The analysis was conducted to identify major research areas, influential publications, and emerging themes in sustainable agricultural studies. The findings reveal three main clusters: (1) the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and climate change adaptation; (2) the integration of social, economic, and ecological dimensions into sustainable agricultural systems; and (3) technological innovation and agroecological approaches. The results indicate that the involvement of local farmers, the adoption of climate-smart agriculture, and the utilization of technological innovations play important roles in strengthening the resilience of the agricultural sector to the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, more integrated policies and collaboration among stakeholders are required to promote the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices at the local level. This study recommends strengthening future research and developing policies aimed at enhancing agricultural sustainability and food security in Eastern Indonesia, particularly by bridging the gap between research findings and policy implementation.
Development Of A Green Education-Based Horticulture Learning Model To Improve Students' Environmental Awareness
This study aims to develop a green education-based horticulture learning model to increase environmental awareness of students is the Biology Education Study Program at STKIP Arrahmaniyah Depok. The study used the Research and Development (R&D) method through the stages of development, expert validation, and learning trials. Data were obtained through expert validation, learning outcome tests, student participation observations, and environmental awareness measurements. The results showed that the developed learning model was effective in increasing students' environmental awareness. The level of environmental awareness increased from 55.6 to 77.8 after the implementation of the learning model. The average value of student learning outcomes also increased from 73.33 in the pretest to 80.00 in the posttest. The results of the material expert validation obtained a percentage of 82% with a good category, while the validation of the learning model expert obtained a percentage of 92% with a very good category, so the model was declared suitable for use. The effectiveness of the model was also seen from the increase in the average score of students in Trial I of 60.55 to 89.92 in Trial II. The gain index analysis of 0.73 is included in the high category. In addition, active student participation increased from 71 to 77 during the learning process.
Development Of A Metacognition-Based Inquiry Learning Model On Social Norms Material To Improve Students’ Motivation And Learning Outcomes
This study aims to develop the design of a Metacognition-Based Inquiry Learning Model, determine its feasibility, and test its effectiveness in improving students’ motivation and learning outcomes on social norms material. The study employs a research and development (R&D) approach. Feasibility test data were used to determine students’ mastery of metacognitive skills after the learning process. The collected data were analyzed using prerequisite tests, including normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing, based on pretest and posttest results. The assessment of students’ learning motivation during the learning process showed that the highest motivation indicator was enthusiasm for learning, with a percentage of 82.20%. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the metacognition-based inquiry learning model can effectively improve students’ motivation and learning outcomes; (2) cognitive achievement based on the metacognitive skills instrument showed good improvement in both sub-concepts. The posttest score for Sub-concept 1 was 73.33, categorized as sufficient, while Sub-concept 2 achieved a score of 90.00, categorized as very good; and (3) hypothesis testing of posttest scores showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, leading to the rejection of H0. Therefore, it can be concluded that the inquiry learning model has a significant effect on improving students’ motivation and learning outcomes
Storytelling Material Design to Improve Digital Literacy and Critical Thinking
The development of digital technology and changes in post-pandemic learning patterns require learning strategies that are not only oriented towards content delivery but also towards developing students' digital literacy and critical thinking skills. Storytelling as a pedagogical approach offers great potential to bridge this need, as it is able to integrate cognitive, affective, and creative aspects within a single narrative. This study aims to explore how storytelling-based material design can improve the digital and critical literacy of language education students in higher education. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through classroom observation, analysis of student narrative products, and semi-structured interviews with lecturers and students. The developed materials utilize digital platforms such as Canva, Padlet, and YouTube to support the multimodal storytelling process. Data analysis was conducted thematically to identify patterns of improving digital literacy (e.g., the ability to integrate text, visuals, and interactive media) and critical thinking skills (e.g., the ability to construct arguments, reflect on social issues, and evaluate information). The results show that storytelling encourages students to be more active in exploring ideas, constructing meaningful narratives, and developing digital skills through the use of various media. Furthermore, this approach strengthens learning motivation, builds emotional connections between lecturers and students, and creates a safe space for students to express their identities and perspectives. Storytelling has proven to be an inclusive, flexible, and sustainable strategy in supporting 21st-century learning. This study concludes that storytelling-based material design can be an effective pedagogical approach to improving students' digital and critical literacy. Recommendations include the integration of storytelling into the curriculum, training lecturers to develop digital narrative materials, and strengthening institutional policies that support story-based learning innovation. Thus, storytelling functions not only as a creative method but also as a relevant pedagogical movement to address the challenges of higher education in the digital era.
Critical Success Factors For Hybrid Cloud Data Integration: A Case Study In The Cement Industry
Data integration in hybrid cloud environments is a major challenge in the era of digital transformation due to the need to manage data efficiently across both public and private cloud environments. This study aims to identify and rank the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for data integration in hybrid cloud environments, using a case study of PT XYZ, which is currently undergoing a cloud migration process. The study integrates three frameworks: TOE (Technology–Organization–Environment), HOT-fit (Human–Organization–Technology), and the IS Triangle, to form a holistic evaluation model with five dimensions. Twenty CSF factors were identified through a literature review and validated through interviews with five experts. Subsequently, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied to a questionnaire distributed to ten expert respondents to rank these factors. Of the five dimensions, the Business dimension was found to be the most important (weight 0.33), followed by Environment (0.18), Organization (0.17), Technology (0.17), and Human (0.15). These findings provide practical guidance for organizations implementing hybrid cloud data integration, particularly within the context of Indonesian regulations.
The Influence Of Facilities And Service Quality On Visitor Satisfaction At Sari Ater Hot Spring As A Wellness Tourism Destination
This study aims to analyze the effect of facilities and service quality on visitor satisfaction at Sari Ater Hot Spring as a wellness tourism destination. A quantitative approach with a survey design was employed, using questionnaires distributed to visitors. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The results show that both facilities and service quality have positive and significant effects on visitor satisfaction, both partially and simultaneously. Facilities, including condition, completeness, and design, contribute to visitor comfort, while service quality, reflected in responsiveness, reliability, and courtesy, enhances visitor experience. The coefficient of determination indicates that these variables explain a substantial proportion of satisfaction, although other factors also play a role. Overall, improving facilities and service quality is essential for increasing visitor satisfaction and maintaining competitiveness in the tourism industry, particularly in wellness tourism destinations.
Evaluation Of A Zero Trust–Based Cybersecurity Strategy: A Case Study Of PT XYZ
Zero Trust (ZT) has become a fundamental paradigm in modern cybersecurity architecture by emphasizing the principle of “never trust, always verify.” The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) introduced the Zero Trust Maturity Model (ZTMM) as a framework to guide organizations through four maturity stages Traditional, Initial, Advanced, and Optimal in adopting Zero Trust principles in a gradual and structured manner. In Indonesia, PT XYZ, as one of the telecommunications companies in the country, has adopted the Zero Trust approach as a strategy to strengthen its overall security posture amid the increasing complexity of infrastructure and cyber threats. This study aims to evaluate the maturity level of Zero Trust implementation at PT XYZ using the CISA ZTMM framework. The evaluation was conducted by analyzing the implementation of security controls across several core pillars of Zero Trust and assessing the alignment of these implementations with the defined maturity levels. The measurement results indicate that the maturity level of Zero Trust implementation at PT XYZ is currently at the Initial level, characterized by the partial implementation of Zero Trust controls and the suboptimal integration across security domains. These findings indicate the existence of gaps in aspects such as visibility, automation, governance, and cross-pillar capabilities that hinder the organization from achieving a higher level of maturity. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for developing strategic recommendations and an implementation roadmap for Zero Trust to support advancement toward the Optimal level. Keywords: Zero Trust, Zero Trust Maturity Model, CISA, Cybersecurity
Evaluation Of Information Technology Governance Using The Cobit 2019 Framework: A Case Study
This study examines the implementation of IT governance within a global company experiencing rapid growth through acquisitions, which has led to structural complexity and governance inconsistencies. Using the COBIT 2019 framework, the research applies a mixed-method approach combining qualitative analysis through goal cascade alignment and quantitative capability level assessment. Data were collected from interviews, internal documents, and corporate reports. The findings reveal varying capability levels across processes, with several achieving high maturity (Level 4), particularly in innovation, relationships, knowledge, and project management, while others remain at moderate levels (Level 2–3), especially in program and change management. Key gaps include insufficient formal documentation, limited continuous improvement mechanisms, and lack of integrated measurement practices. The study concludes that while the organization has a strong governance foundation, targeted improvements are necessary to achieve standardized, consistent, and measurable IT governance practices that support sustainable global growth and strategic transformation. Keywords: IT Governance, COBIT 2019, Capability Level, Digital Transformation, Global Integration
Analysis Of Character Values In Seloko Oral Literature And Its Implementation In Elementary Schools In Jambi Province
This study analyzes the character values embedded in Seloko and their alignment with the character values of the Pancasila Student Profile in the Merdeka Curriculum. It also examines whether Seloko qualifies as children's literature based on the characteristics defined by Nurgiyantoro. Additionally, the study offers recommendations for integrating Seloko into elementary school learning as part of efforts to preserve local culture and promote character education. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method with interviews, observation, and documentation. Findings show that Seloko literature aligns with character values such as faith, noble character, mutual cooperation, and independence, and also fulfills criteria for children's literature. It recommends integrating Seloko as a local culture-based teaching material in schools.
Criminal Responsibility for Perpetrators of Murder of Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Decision Number 2353/Pid.B/2018/PN.Mdn WITH 150/Pid.B/2024/PN.Jkt.Brt
This writing study examines criminal responsibility for murder perpetrators suffering from schizophrenia through a comparative analysis of Decision Number 2353/Pid.B/2018/PN.Mdn and Decision Number 150/Pid.B/2024/PN.Jkt.Brt. This study is motivated by inconsistencies in judicial decisions involving offenders with similar mental disorders, which create legal uncertainty and raise concerns about justice and legal protection. This study aims to analyze how judges assess criminal responsibility by considering juridical and psychological aspects, especially in interpreting Article 44 of the Old Criminal Code and evaluating psychiatric evidence such as Visum et Repertum Psychiatric (VeRP). This research uses normative juridical methods using legal, comparative, and conceptual approaches, focusing on legal materials such as laws, doctrines, and court decisions. The findings revealed that differences in judicial decisions were influenced by the interpretation of expert testimony, the quality and strength of psychiatric evidence, and the judge's perspective on the defendant's mental capacity (toerekeningsvatbaarheid). The Medan decision concluded that the defendant was not criminally responsible and mandated medical treatment, while the Jakarta decision found the defendant guilty of the fulfillment of the element of intent. The study offers a novelty by emphasizing the need for clearer legal guidelines and consistent standards in assessing criminal responsibility for individuals with schizophrenia, as well as integrating rehabilitative, restorative, and corrective approaches in Indonesia's reformed criminal justice system.
Implementation of Tolerance Values in Islamic Religious Education at MTs Negeri 5 Sragen
The purpose of this study is to examine how tolerance values are applied in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at MTs Negeri 5 Sragen. The study was inspired by the growing phenomenon of intolerance in educational environments that may threaten social harmony and weaken diversity values among students. This research utilized a descriptive qualitative method using a field research design. An Aqidah Akhlak teacher was the main informant for the data collection, which was done through observations, interviews, and recording. Data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing were used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that the implementation of tolerance values was carried out through the integration of tolerance materials in PAI learning, contextual and participatory learning approaches, and the reinforcement of inclusive attitudes through religious and social activities at school. Tolerance values such as tasamuh, ta’awun, husnudzon, and tawadhu’ were implemented through reflective learning activities, peer assessment, and the utilization of social media as an educational medium to strengthen students’ positive behavior and social responsibility. The implementation was supported by the school environment, teachers’ roles, and school policies promoting togetherness and respect for diversity. Nonetheless, disparities in pupils' comprehension and the impact of social media that could spread intolerable narratives were noted as problems. According to the study's findings, Islamic Religious Education uses contextual and participative teaching methods to help students develop tolerance and religious moderation.
The Application Of Deep Learning In Islamic Religious Education In The Digital Age In The 10th Grade At Jumapolo State High School
The digital age has brought significant transformation to education, requiring learning in Islamic Religious Education to move beyond rote memorization toward deeper understanding and active participation. This study analyzes the implementation of a deep learning approach in Islamic Religious Education among 10th-grade students at Jumapolo State High School in the digital age. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, involving Islamic Religious Education teachers as interview informants and 10th-grade students as questionnaire respondents. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and Google Forms-based questionnaires. The data analysis process included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) models were applied to facilitate deep learning in Islamic Religious Education. These models encourage students to engage with learning materials and connect them to real-life situations, resulting in positive learning experiences characterized by interest and self-directed learning. The learning process contributes to students’ cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development. While the use of digital technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), helps students access various information sources, it also presents challenges, as students tend to rely on AI without always verifying the accuracy of the information. Therefore, teacher guidance and strengthened digital literacy are essential. Overall, the implementation of deep learning in the digital era offers opportunities to improve the quality of Islamic religious education.
Semi-Netnography Analysis Of Forced Marriage In The Film Hati Suhita: Islamic Family Law Perspective
Forced marriage is a marriage that is carried out due to pressure or coercion from other parties, such as parents, family, or the social environment. Forced marriage remains a social phenomenon across various walks of life and is often influenced by tradition, requiring a more nuanced understanding. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of forced marriage in the film Hati Suhita from the perspective of Islamic Family Law. This research focuses on the practice of forced marriage as represented in film through dialogue, scenes, and storylines, and on how it impacts the domestic lives of the characters, using semi-netnographic analysis. The findings show that the marriage between Gus Birru and Alina Suhita was a form of forced arranged marriage due to family pressure and her father's authority as a kiai. This condition causes emotional conflict, rejection, and lack of communication, as well as disharmony in their household. From the perspective of Islamic Family Law, the practice uses the concept of ijbar rights, which is used as a basis for forcing marriage without the consent of the two prospective brides. Meanwhile, Islam emphasizes the importance of consent and willingness as fundamental conditions in a marriage. Although the concept of arranged marriage in Islam is allowed, its implementation must be based on the agreement of both parties so that the goal of marriage in the form of the creation of a harmonious, just, and beneficial family can be realized.
The Urgency Of Digital Literacy In Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills To Respond To Religious Information Among Students At Smk Pui Jatibarang
The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed how students access and interpret religious information. This study aims to analyze the urgency of digital literacy in enhancing students’ critical thinking skills in responding to religious information at SMK PUI Jatibarang. The research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving eleventh-grade students and Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers as informants. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, and analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing techniques. The findings indicate that students’ digital literacy skills are generally in the moderate category, particularly in accessing and understanding information. Students demonstrate the ability to search for and compare information from various digital sources, although their evaluation and verification processes remain relatively basic. Their critical thinking skills have begun to develop, as reflected in their ability to interpret, analyze, evaluate, and draw conclusions from religious information. However, these skills have not yet reached a deep and systematic level. Supporting factors include access to digital technology, the role of teachers as facilitators, and students’ awareness of information verification. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include variations in digital literacy levels, exposure to misinformation, and a tendency toward superficial information consumption. This study concludes that digital literacy plays a crucial role as an epistemological foundation in strengthening students’ critical thinking skills in responding to religious information. Therefore, the integration of digital literacy into Islamic Religious Education learning is essential to foster critical, reflective, and moderate religious understanding among students.
Deepfake Disinformation By Political Buzzers: Analysis Of The Implications For Civil Liberties In The “Ibu Jilbab Pink” Case
The increasing sophistication of digital media manipulation has intensified the spread of political disinformation, creating new challenges for civil liberties in digital public spaces. This study aims to analyze the implications of the “Pink Hijab Mother” (Ibu Jilbab Pink) deepfake disinformation disseminated by political buzzers on Instagram during the August–September 2025 movement on citizens’ civil liberties. Using a qualitative approach, this research combines netnographic observation of Instagram content with in-depth interviews involving experts in digital democracy, media governance, communication, and civil society activism. The analysis identified 15 Instagram posts that were classified into three dominant narrative constructions: symbolic delegitimization, identity delegitimization, and public polarization. The findings reveal that political buzzers systematically utilized deepfake-based disinformation not only to damage the reputation of an individual figure but also to undermine the symbolic meaning of collective protest. Symbolic delegitimization targeted the “Brave Pink” symbol associated with civic resistance, identity delegitimization attacked the credibility of the individual through misleading personal narratives, while public polarization shifted public attention from the substantive demands of the movement toward emotional and identity-based disputes. These narrative constructions reduced citizens’ willingness to participate in public discussions, weakened freedom of expression, and distorted deliberative discourse in digital spaces. The study concludes that deepfake disinformation functions as a tool for shaping public perception and narrowing civic participation, thereby threatening civil liberties within Indonesia’s digital public sphere.
Political Participation Of Society On Instagram Social Media: A Case Study Of The #Resetindonesia (17+8) Movement In 2025
Instagram has quickly become a space for public political participation, as shown by hashtag movements like #ResetIndonesia in 2025. This movement began after a policy increased housing allowances for Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) members, which many people felt did not reflect current social and economic conditions. This study explores how digital platforms shape and encourage political mobilization, focusing on Indonesia, a country with one of the largest Instagram user communities. The research uses a qualitative method that combines netnography and in-depth interviews to understand participation in the #ResetIndonesia movement on Instagram. The netnography analyzed 30 Instagram posts with the #ResetIndonesia hashtag, and interviews were held with six people: two movement initiators, two who joined both online and offline, and two who participated only online. The main ways people took part were by expressing political dissatisfaction, using satire, and offering criticism through comments, sharing posts, and posting Instagram Stories. Mobilization took place by choosing Instagram as the main platform, spreading content through influencers, and depending on communities and organizations to support offline collective action. The analysis draws on Charles Tilly's Resource Mobilization Theory, as well as ideas from Theocharis and van Deth about digital political participation and from Gibson and Cantijoch about hybrid participation. The findings show that Instagram is a strong tool for increasing political participation, but turning digital engagement into real-world action still relies on support from communities and organizations outside the platform. Digital platforms alone cannot drive political mobilization.
Design To Strengthen Bawaslu In The Integrated Election Law Enforcement System
This article discusses the fragmentation of authority in election law enforcement in Indonesia, especially the position of Bawaslu in its relationship with the Police and the Prosecutor's Office through the Gakkumdu Center. Although Law Number 7 of 2017 has given authority to Bawaslu to supervise, receive reports, inspect, and decide on election administrative violations, the handling of election crimes still depends on inter-institutional understanding. This condition makes it difficult for many alleged violations to continue due to differences in evidentiary standards, time limitations, and lack of optimal institutional coordination. This research uses normative juridical methods with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The results of the study show that the strengthening of Bawaslu is not appropriate if it is directed to make it a superbody institution that takes over all investigation, prosecution, and judicial functions. More proportionate strengthening needs to be directed at increasing the binding power of administrative decisions, granting limited initial investigation authority, separating supervisory and adjudication functions, and reformulating the mechanism of the Gakkumdu Center to be more transparent and accountable. With this model, Bawaslu can play a more effective role in maintaining the integrity of elections without ignoring the principles of the rule of law, due process of law, and institutional impartiality.
Reconstruction Of The Regulation Of Adultery In The New Criminal Code: Protection Of Women In Indonesia
The change in the regulation of adultery in the new Criminal Code is part of the reconstruction of the national criminal law which is directed to adjust the criminal law to social, cultural, religious, moral, and Pancasila values. Article 284 of the old Criminal Code was considered to have a limited scope because it only regulates adultery for parties who are bound by marriage. As a result, sexual relations outside marriage and the practice of cohabitation without a marital bond have not been adequately reached, even though in practice they can cause social problems, especially for women who are vulnerable to social, economic, psychological, and health losses. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach, a conceptual approach, and a qualitative approach. The legal materials used consist of the old Criminal Code, the new Criminal Code, books, scientific journals, legal articles, as well as the results of previous research related to adultery, women's protection, criminal law, and Islamic law. The results of the study show that Article 411 and Article 412 of the new Criminal Code reflect a change in the paradigm of Indonesian criminal law, from the original emphasis on formal legal certainty to criminal law that also pays attention to morality, social order, and the protection of vulnerable groups. The arrangement can be seen as a preventive effort by the state in protecting women from relationships without legal certainty, while protecting the health of the public and the younger generation from the negative impact of promiscuity. Thus, the new Criminal Code not only functions as a criminal instrument, but also as a means of social protection and the development of national criminal law based on Indonesian values.
Normative Construction Of The Guilt Recognition Mechanism In The New Criminal Code And Its Relevance To The Eradication Of Corruption In Indonesia
Plea bargain is a new mechanism regulated in Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) as part of the reform of the criminal justice system in Indonesia. This mechanism allows the defendant to voluntarily admit his guilt in exchange for criminal relief. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the guilt mechanism in the new Criminal Code as a form of adaptation of plea bargaining and its relevance in corruption cases without weakening the principle of corruption eradication. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach through literature studies on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the admission of guilt in the new Criminal Code is a limited form of plea bargaining because it still places the judge as the party who tests the voluntariness of the confession and the adequacy of the ukti tool. A confession of guilt cannot be used as the only basis for criminal prosecution because it requires at least two valid evidence. In corruption cases, this mechanism is relevant when used to speed up evidence, uncover the network of perpetrators, and support the recovery of state losses through asset recovery. However, its application must be strictly limited so as not to weaken the deterrent effect and principles of corruption eradication.
Disharmony In The Regulation Of Campaign Props During Quiet Periods In Elections And Regional Elections In Indonesia
This study aims to examine the regulatory disharmony concerning the removal of campaign props during the quiet period in Indonesian general elections and regional head elections. The study employed normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches, focusing on the comparison between Bawaslu Regulation Number 11 of 2023 and KPU Regulation Number 13 of 2024. The results show that disharmony arises from differences in removal deadlines, allocation of responsibility, and institutional roles. In the general election regime, campaign props must be removed no later than one day before voting day, while in the regional election regime they must be removed no later than three days before voting day. This difference creates uncertainty regarding participant obligations and weakens the effectiveness of electoral supervision. The originality of this study lies in its comparative analysis of campaign prop regulation across two electoral regimes and its linkage to legal certainty, electoral fairness, and supervisory effectiveness. Practically, the findings imply the need for harmonized deadlines, clearer participant responsibility, and stronger legal consequences for non-compliance. This study contributes to the development of electoral law by offering a normative framework for strengthening the quiet period as a neutral space that protects voter freedom and ensures equal treatment among election participants.
Transforming The Criminal System In Indonesia Towards Restorative Justice: Providing Compensation Based On Law Number 20 Of 2025
This study aims to examine the transformation of Indonesia’s criminal justice system toward restorative justice through the state compensation mechanism for victims of criminal offences under Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code. The study specifically analyzes how the new Criminal Procedure Code positions victims and offenders as legal subjects in achieving substantive justice and identifies the mechanisms and obstacles in implementing state compensation when offenders are unable to fulfill restitution obligations. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results show that the new Criminal Procedure Code strengthens a victim-centered orientation by recognizing compensation as a state responsibility when restitution cannot be paid by offenders. However, the absence of clear procedural rules, disharmony with existing regulations on witness and victim protection, and the lack of limitation regarding eligible crimes and victim categories create serious implementation challenges. The novelty of this study lies in its critical analysis of compensation as an instrument of substantive justice within Indonesia’s emerging restorative justice framework. Practically, the study implies the need for regulatory harmonization, clearer technical procedures, limitation of compensation scope, and capacity building for law enforcement officers. This study contributes to the development of victim protection discourse and offers policy recommendations for a more effective, accountable, and sustainable compensation system.
Juridical Analysis Of The Fulfillment Of Suspects' Rights At The Stage Of Handing Over Suspects And Evidence Based On Law Number 20 Of 2025 Concerning The Criminal Procedure Code
This study aims to examine the regulation regarding the fulfillment of suspects' rights in Phase II, namely the submission of suspects and evidence based on Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Code, and analyze the role of the prosecutor as a dominus litis in ensuring its implementation. The background of this study shows that the reform of the criminal procedure law has expanded the guarantee of protection of the rights of suspects, but in practice it still poses various obstacles to implementation, especially in the administrative aspects, inter-agency coordination, and the readiness of law enforcement officials. The method used is normative juridical with an approach to laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant literature studies. The results of the study show that the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code strengthens the application of the principle of due process of law through the expansion of the rights of suspects, although its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of gaps between norms and practices as well as coordination between institutions. The discussion emphasized that the prosecutor has a strategic position as a dominus litis in supervising the fulfillment of the rights of suspects and maintaining the integration of the criminal justice system. In conclusion, the effectiveness of protecting the rights of suspects is highly dependent on the consistency of implementation, the effectiveness of supervision mechanisms, and integrated coordination between law enforcement agencies.
Criminal Law Reconstruction Of Marital Rape In Indonesia: Regulation, Obstacles, And Victim Protection
The phenomenon of marital rape remains a complex issue in the Indonesian criminal law system. This study analyzes the normative, structural, and cultural issues in law enforcement against marital rape in Indonesia and proposes a direction for the reconstruction of ideal criminal law. This study aims to analyze the regulatory disharmony between the 2023 National Criminal Code, the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, and the Sexual Violence Crime Law, besides to identify obstacles to law enforcement that weaken victim protection. A normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach is used to examine the legal definition, structure of the offense, and legal definition of marital sexual violence. Secondary data sources derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials are processed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results show that obstacles to law enforcement against marital rape stem from normative gaps in the formulation of the offense, the nature of the complaint offense, and the definition of rape. From a cultural perspective, through social and patriarchal stigma, and structural aspects, as evidenced by the capacity of law enforcement officers, limited evidence, and the lack of integrated service mechanisms, this study recommends the need for criminal law reconstruction based on the principle of lack of consent, the elimination of complaint-based offenses, improving the quality of law enforcement, and building public awareness about women and gender equality through legal education and social campaigns.
The Influence of Prisoner Sentence Periods on Family Harmony from the Perspective of Islamic Family Law
Imprisonment for inmates inevitably restricts the fulfillment of their rights and obligations as husbands or wives and as parents. This study aims to examine how the incarceration period of inmates at Class II B Sungai Penuh Detention Center affects their family harmony, and to explore possible solutions that can be offered to inmates to maintain family well-being. This research is qualitative in nature. The respondents consisted of spouses of inmates who were selected purposively. Data were collected through interviews and supported by questionnaire results. The findings show that the incarceration period has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the family harmony score, with an influence of 21.7%. From the perspective of Islamic family law, imprisonment emphasizes the protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Punishment is intended to create stability and a more orderly life, while the values of forgiveness and reconciliation continue to be upheld. Islamic law also instructs husbands and wives to maintain loyalty, dignity, and commitment within the household, so that the incarceration period does not become a reason for the collapse of family structure. Therefore, a proportional legal approach oriented toward the values of public interest, and providing space for restorative justice, is considered more relevant in preserving family harmony in the midst of incarceration.
Analysis Of The Ministry Of Communication And Informatics Political Will Toward Personal Data Hacking By Bjorka In Cybersecurity Governance In Indonesia In 2022
This study aims to analyze the extent to which the political will of the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs (Komdigi) affects the effectiveness of cybersecurity governance over personal data in Indonesia, using the 2022 Bjorka data hacking case as the case study. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with informants selected purposively from an internal representative of Komdigi and the civil society organization SAFENet, combined with secondary data from official documents and media reports, analyzed through governance network theory and Brinkerhoff's theory of political will. The results show that personal data security governance in Indonesia following the Bjorka case is marked by unresolved institutional fragmentation between Komdigi and the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), and by a political will that remains symbolic rather than substantive, reflected in reactive policy initiatives, minimal civil society involvement in drafting implementing regulations, inconsistent budget allocation, the absence of credible sanctions due to the independent data protection authority not yet being established, and recurring major data breaches after Bjorka. The study also finds that leaked personal data has been used as an instrument of repression against critical citizens, indicating that the consequences of weak data governance extend beyond economic loss into the political sphere. It is concluded that strengthening Indonesia's cybersecurity governance requires substantive and sustained political will, rather than merely formal regulatory products on paper.
Political Branding Strategy Of Rano Karno Through The Tiktok Account @H.Ranokarno During The 2024 Jakarta Regional Election
Political branding has become an increasingly important strategy in digital political communication, particularly on algorithm-driven social media platforms such as TikTok. This study aims to analyze the political branding strategy employed by Rano Karno through the TikTok account @h.ranokarno during the 2024 Jakarta Regional Election campaign. A qualitative approach with a netnographic method was adopted. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with five key informants and digital observation of campaign content, while audience responses were examined through the analysis of 1,563 TikTok comments using RapidMiner. The analysis was guided by the Political Branding framework proposed by Pich and Newman (2021), encompassing the dimensions of tangible, intangible, brand trinity, and symbolic communication and trust. The findings reveal that Rano Karno's long-established "Si Doel" persona functioned as the dominant intangible asset, strengthening his emotional connection with audiences while reinforcing Betawi cultural identity through authentic visual representation. The strategy also deliberately reduced the visibility of party branding in favor of strengthening leader branding and delivering policy messages through interactive and entertaining content. Audience comment analysis further indicates that responses associated with the intangible dimension (7.7%) were substantially more prevalent than those related to the tangible dimension (2.2%), highlighting the greater influence of symbolic identity and personal authenticity in shaping public engagement. This study concludes that effective political branding on TikTok depends not only on symbolic communication but also on the authenticity of content and the candidate's ability to adapt personal identity to the communicative culture of the platform, thereby extending the applicability of the Political Branding framework within contemporary digital political campaigns.
Teacher Career Development Management At Primary School
This study aims to analyze teacher career development management at SDS Aqil Global Islamic School and SDS Educate Center Mas in Batam City. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a multisite case study design through interviews, observations, and documentation. The research participants consisted of principals, vice principals, senior teachers, new teachers, and foundation representatives. Data analysis was conducted interactively through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that teacher career development was implemented through three main stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. In the planning stage, schools systematically conducted needs analysis and teacher competency mapping. The implementation stage was carried out through training, workshops, mentoring, learning communities, and additional assignments to improve teacher professionalism. The evaluation stage involved supervision, performance appraisal, and continuous feedback. The results also showed that principals’ support played a significant role in enhancing teachers’ competence, motivation, collaboration, and learning quality. Structured career development programs were proven to improve educational quality, strengthen learning culture, and sustain teacher professionalism in primary schools. This study recommends strengthening needs-based career development programs, improving supporting facilities, and conducting continuous evaluation so that teachers’ competencies can develop optimally in line with educational and technological advancements to support innovative, adaptive, and sustainable learning quality nationally.
The Implications Of Customary Law Norms In National Criminal Law On Values Of Criminal Justice By Indigenous Peoples
The reform of criminal law through Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code is an important step in the decolonization of law in Indonesia while also providing recognition of the laws that exist within society. This recognition is reinforced through Government Regulation Number 55 of 2025 concerning Procedures and Criteria for Determining Laws that Exist within Society. This study aims to analyze and critically examine the normativization of customary law in national criminal law and assess its implications for the values underlying the handling of criminal acts in indigenous communities. This study is a normative legal study using secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials and employing a regulatory and sociological approach to law. The results of the study show that the recognition of living law or customary law in the National Criminal Code reflects efforts to harmonize national law and customary law. However, through Government Regulation No. 55 of 2025, living law or customary law must go through a formalization process, starting from the administrative recognition of customary law communities, the formation of regional regulations, to verification by the central government. This mechanism places the state as the party that determines the validity of customary norms as customary criminal acts. As a result, customary law, which was previously based on material legality, has shifted towards formal legality that depends on state legitimacy. In addition, restrictions on customary criminal acts so as not to conflict with the Criminal Code and the standardization of fines have the potential to reduce the flexibility and character of customary law and open up the possibility of overlapping authority between customary institutions and state law enforcement agencies.
Juridical Analysis of the Validity of Share Ownership and the Implementation of Unlawful Acts in Limited Liability Companies (Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 2669 K/Pdt/2025)
Limited Liability Companies as a legal entity based on capital partnerships place shares as the main instrument in determining ownership structures, control rights, and legitimacy in decision-making, so that share ownership disputes have the potential to cause complex legal problems, including unlawful acts. This study aims to analyze the validity of ownership and transfer of shares through testing the complementary relationship between the PT Law and the principle of civil proof, as well as analyzing the application of unlawful acts by methodologically separating the legal standing layer and the material elements of PMH along with the responsibility of the company's organs in protecting the rights of shareholders, in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2669 K/Pdt/2025. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a case approach. The results of the discussion show that the relationship between the PT Law and the Civil Code in the context of proving share ownership is complementary, not a normative conflict that is resolved through the principle of lex specialis, and that the implementation of PMH requires a strict separation between the legal standing test as a formal requirement and the material elements of PMH. Moreover, the Supreme Court's decision reflects the choice of legal certainty values that are valid but do not fully integrate the Radbruch triadic balance between justice, utility, and legal certainty. It is recommended that the parties ensure the validity of the documents and the listing of shares, and that lawmakers consider more explicit provisions regarding the evidentiary power of stock documents in civil disputes.
The Dynamics Of Cohabitation Regulation In The National Criminal Code And Its Implications For Raid Operations By The Pamong Praja Police Unit (Satpol Pp)
The ratification of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) brings significant updates in the regulation of moral norms, especially related to cohabitation, which is categorized as an absolute complaint offense. This arrangement is at the intersection between the interests of public order and the protection of private space, especially in the enforcement practice by the Pamong Praja Police Unit (Satpol PP) which has been conducting raids or raids based on Regional Regulations (Perda). This study aims to analyze the influence of cohabitation regulations in the National Criminal Code on the limits of the authority of Satpol PP and examine its impact on the practice of raids in private spaces. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, based on literature studies on secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that Article 412 of the Criminal Code only limits the enforcement of cohabitation crimes which can only be carried out on the basis of complaints from parties who have legal rights, so that Satpol PP does not have the authority to conduct raids or enter private spaces without complaints and without valid legal procedures. The practice of raids based on the Regional Regulation has the potential to be contrary to the principles of legality, protection of privacy, and human rights principles. The conclusion of the study emphasizes the need to adjust regional regulations and change the enforcement paradigm from moral policing to the due process of law. It is recommended to harmonize the new Criminal Code with the Regional Regulation, the preparation of technical guidelines for Satpol PP, as well as socialization for the apparatus and the public, supported by further empirical research to assess the application of rules in the field.
The Existence of Penal Mediation in the Perspective of Indonesian Criminal Law Reform
The law has long been viewed as a rigid set of norms that is overly focused on the formal legal system; this situation, in turn, has given rise to various complexities and conflicts in the social life of the community. In order to bridge the gap between the law which has traditionally been formal and inflexible and the real-life conditions within Indonesian society, one approach that can be taken is to provide space for mechanisms to resolve criminal cases outside of court, known as Penal Mediation. This study aims to examine and discuss the status and relevance of Penal Mediation as an alternative pathway in the handling of criminal cases, particularly from the perspective of criminal law reform in Indonesia. The method used in this study is normative legal research based on a literature review. The findings of this study reveal that the implementation of Article 132(1)(g) of Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code further strengthens the legitimacy of resolving criminal cases through non-litigation channels. This marks a significant milestone, given that previously, regulations regarding such mechanisms were scattered across various sectors and lacked comprehensiveness within the existing regulations and internal policies of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia.
Legal Analysis of Land Rights Transfer Mechanisms and Their Implications for Land Ownership in Indonesia
The transfer of land rights is a legal process that determines the validity of changes in the identity of rights holders, the evidentiary force of legal documents, and the certainty of land ownership. Although it is regulated under Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning the Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles and Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration, certain provisions of which were amended through Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021, its implementation continues to encounter problems involving privately executed land sale and purchase transactions, document forgery, transfers conducted by unauthorized parties, multiple certificates over the same parcel of land, and inconsistencies in physical and juridical data. This research aims to analyze the juridical characteristics of land-right transfers; the construction of positive law, legal doctrine, and judicial decisions in determining their validity; and their implications for justice, utility, and legal certainty. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively and prescriptively using grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings demonstrate that the validity of a transfer of land rights is determined by the continuity of material, formal, and administrative validity. Transfers arising from legal acts generally require evidence prepared by an authorized official and registration, whereas transfers through inheritance are based on different evidentiary requirements. A land title certificate constitutes strong evidence but does not possess absolute evidentiary force because it may be annulled when its issuance is based on defects of authority, procedural defects, forgery, or inaccurate data. This research finds that certainty of land ownership should be directed toward the concept of verified certainty, namely certainty based not only on the existence of a certificate but also on the accuracy of the subject, object, underlying title, authority, and history of transfers. Strengthened data validation, PPAT due diligence, integrated land administration, and measurable correction mechanisms are required to achieve fair and effective legal protection.
Legal Protection For Child Victims Of Sexual Abuse In Palu City: A Maqashid Sharia Perspective
This study examines the implementation of legal protection for child victims of sexual abuse in Palu City from a Maqashid Sharia perspective. The research utilizes an empirical juridical design with a qualitative case approach, collecting data through interviews, observations, and documentation from the Palu City Resort Police, the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office (DP3A), and the Palu District Court. The findings reveal that legal protection is implemented through the PPA Unit at the police level, comprehensive assistance by DP3A including legal and psychological aid, and child-friendly judicial proceedings at the District Court. However, significant obstacles remain, including limited professional human resources, budget constraints, and persistent social stigma against victims. From the Maqashid Sharia perspective, the protection efforts in Palu City reflect the core values of hifz al-nafs (protection of life), hifz al-‘ird (protection of honor), and hifz al-nasl (protection of lineage). These measures serve as an implementation of maslahah (public interest) aimed at preventing further harm to children. Nevertheless, the realization of full benefit is still hindered by gaps in victim recovery and restitution mechanisms. The study concludes that greater institutional synergy and community education are essential to eliminate stigma and fulfill children's rights effectively according to sharia principles.
The Influence of Price Perception and Electronic Word of Mouth on Fashion Product Purchase Decisions through Customer Value in Generation Z of Tiktokshop Users in Surabaya
This study aims to analyze the effect of price perception and electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) on purchase decisions for fashion products on TikTok Shop, with customer value as an intervening variable among Generation Z in Surabaya. A quantitative approach was employed, with data collected via questionnaires from 157 respondents and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) through SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that price perception and e-WOM positively and significantly influence both purchase decisions and customer value, while customer value also positively and significantly affects purchase decisions. Furthermore, customer value is proven to mediate the effect of price perception and e-WOM on purchase decisions, suggesting that purchase decisions are not solely determined by price perception and peer information, but also by the perceived value consumers associate with fashion products on TikTok Shop.
Escalation Of Divorce By Wife At The Class 1a Religious Court Of Palu In The Perspective Of Feminist Legal Theory
Divorce by wife has emerged as a dominant structural phenomenon in Indonesia’s religious courts, reflecting shifting power dynamics and increasing legal awareness among women. This research examines the escalation of cerai gugat at the Class 1A Religious Court of Palu, focusing on its causal factors and socio-legal implications through the lens of feminist legal theory. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with judges, court officials, and litigants, alongside a thematic analysis of court decisions. Findings indicate that cerai gugat accounts for approximately 70% of divorce cases in Palu, driven primarily by chronic gender imbalances, economic instability, and domestic violence. Despite the high volume of cases filed by women, the transition from legal object to active subject has not fully translated into substantive justice. Post-divorce, women remain trapped in cycles of social stigma and economic vulnerability due to inconsistent ex officio maintenance orders and weak execution mechanisms. The study concludes that the religious judicial system remains largely formalistic, necessitating a shift toward gender-responsive practices and the integration of Islamic feminist principles to ensure the effective protection of women’s rights.
Effectiveness Of Village-Owned Enterprise Policies In Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Village-Owned Enterprises (VOE) policies in Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The analysis of policy effectiveness refers to Riant Nugroho's theory, which includes the dimensions of correct policy, correct implementer, correct target, correct environment, and correct process. The results show that out of 18 VOE in Percut Sei Tuan District, only four are still active and effective, namely VOE Karya Bersama, Bandar Setia Sejahtera, Mangrove Maju Bersama, and Sejahtera Berjaya, while the other 14 VOE have not been able to operate their business functions optimally. The effectiveness of a policy is shown through its implementation in accordance with regulations, relatively strong institutions, and the economic and social benefits felt by the community. Factors affecting policy effectiveness include the quality of human resources, the managerial skills of administrators, support from the village government, alignment of business types with local potential, and community participation. This study shows that the success of Village-Owned Enterprises (VOE) is not just determined by compliance with regulations, but also by the institutional capacity to manage businesses and provide sustainable benefits for the village community. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of managers, ongoing guidance, and increasing community participation are important factors in supporting the success of VOE as an instrument for empowering the village economy.
Analysis Of Generation Z's Intercultural Communication Patterns Via Tiktok/Instagram: An Islamic Perspective
This study examines the communication competencies and strategies of intercultural Generation Z on TikTok and Instagram through a qualitative netnography approach. Research results show the existence of dialectics between a logic-algorithmic platform that curates exposure culture and Gen Z users who form an algorithmic imaginary. By dramaturgical, Gen Z differentiates presentation self: TikTok is working as a room-experimentation culture, with low (low-stakes), with spontaneity structured as spontaneity. On the other hand, Instagram becomes an arena for high-stakes demands curation of global-local aesthetics, even though Gen Z is getting around it with secondary accounts (finsta) for more free expression. Interaction is coloured by the hybridization of linguistics and semiotics, including practices such as translanguaging and Indoglish, as well as the meanings of migration emojis. In the Islamic perspective, this cross-cultural phenomenon reflects draft lita'arafu (mutual knowledge). However, the implementation of digital demand tabayyun and Islamic digital literacy-based muraqabah as an internal filter against the negative impact of social media.
The Dark Side Of Artificial Intelligence-Based Personalization: Intrusiveness, Trust, And Consumer Resistance On E-Commerce Platforms
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has encouraged companies to implement personalization strategies in digital marketing through e-commerce platforms and social media. Although AI-based personalization can improve consumer experience and marketing effectiveness, overly intensive personalization may also generate negative responses in the form of consumer resistance. This study aims to analyze the effect of AI personalization on consumer resistance by considering the mediating roles of perceived intrusiveness and customer trust. This study employed a quantitative approach using an explanatory research method. Data were obtained by distributing online questionnaires to 400 active users of digital platforms in Indonesia and were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results show that AI personalization affects perceived intrusiveness, customer trust, and consumer resistance. Perceived intrusiveness is proven to increase resistance behavior, whereas customer trust reduces resistance behavior. In addition, perceived intrusiveness and customer trust are able to mediate the relationship between AI personalization and consumer resistance, both partially and sequentially. This study shows that overly intensive AI personalization can generate intrusive perceptions, reduce consumer trust, and increase resistance to digital marketing. These findings contribute to the development of the literature on the dark side of AI-based personalization and provide input for companies in designing personalization strategies that are more balanced and oriented toward consumer comfort.
Development Of Image-Based Learning Media To Overcome Reading Difficulties
This study aims to develop picture media in early reading learning for first-grade students of SDN 375 Pasar VI Natal, and to determine the level of feasibility and effectiveness of its use. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE development model consisting of the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of the study were first-grade students at SDN 375 Pasar VI Natal. Data collection techniques were carried out through intervie ws, observations, expert validation questionnaires, and pretest and posttest tests. The results of the study showed that the developed picture media obtained a material validation percentage of 80%, media validation of 91.25%, and language validation of 98.57% with an overall average of 89.94% which is included in the very valid category. The results of the media implementation showed an increase in students' early reading abilities, indicated by the average pretest score of 70.62 increasing to 94.8 in the posttest. In addition, the results of the N-Gain analysis obtained an average score of 0.85 with a high category. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the developed image media is suitable and effective for use in improving the initial reading skills of first grade students at SDN 375 Pasar VI Natal.
The Film Balampah As A Cultural Text: A John Fiske Semiotic Analysis
The film Balampah (2023, directed by Aditya Nugraha) presents a narrative rooted in Banjar culture, especially the oral traditions, ritual imagination, moral norms, and mystical beliefs that circulate in South Kalimantan. This article examines Balampah as a cultural text by using John Fiske's semiotic framework, which reads media texts through three levels of coding: reality, representation, and ideology. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method supported by observation of film scenes, documentation, and interviews with members of the production team. The analysis shows that the film encodes cultural signs through Qur'anic recitation, musala imagery, gamelan sound, dance-house space, mantra, susuk emas, amulets, pusaka, and the narrative of marwah. At the level of reality, these signs build the social world of a Banjar community caught between piety, entertainment, and magical desire. At the level of representation, camera movement, lighting, mise-en-scene, dialogue, horror conventions, and melodramatic characterization intensify the opposition between sacred order and worldly excess. At the level of ideology, the film articulates several cultural myths: moral binary opposition between religion and worldliness, occult consequence or tumbal, ancestral protection, spiritual redemption, female sanctity, and the ever-present evil. Balampah therefore functions not merely as local horror entertainment, but as a cultural discourse that reproduces collective anxieties, moral warnings, and negotiations of identity in contemporary Indonesian society.
The Prohibition Of Interfaith Marriage In Fiqhiyah Rules: An Analysis Of The Constitutional Court Decision Number 212/Puu-XXIII/2025
The prohibition of interfaith marriage in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) is rooted in definitive Quranic texts and scholarly consensus (ijma'). However, in the Indonesian legal context, this issue is not only a matter of religious validity but also involves the administrative registration of marriage by the state. Constitutional Court Decision Number 212/PUU-XXIII/2025 emerged in response to a judicial review petition against Article 2(1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, filed by a Muslim civil servant who intended to marry a Christian woman. This research aims to examine fiqhiyah rules regarding the prohibition of interfaith marriage, analyze the Constitutional Court's legal considerations in Decision Number 212/PUU-XXIII/2025, and assess whether the decision is consistent with fiqhiyah rules. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statute approach, conceptual approach based on fiqhiyah rules and maqashid shariah, and a case approach. The results show that fiqhiyah rules explicitly prohibit interfaith marriage, particularly through the established fiqhiyah maxim لَا يَجُوزُ نِكَاحُ الْمُسْلِمَةِ مِنْ كَافِرٍ (it is not permissible for a Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim man), supported by QS. Al-Baqarah: 221 and the ijma' of scholars from the four major madhabs. The Constitutional Court in its decision affirmed that the validity of marriage is the domain of religion, not the state, and rejected the petition entirely. There is normative consistency between the fiqhiyah prohibition and the Court's decision in terms of not legalizing interfaith marriage through religious law. However, a normative tension remains regarding the administrative recording of interfaith marriages that have been declared valid under their respective religious laws. The maqashid shariah approach particularly hifz al-din and hifz al-nasl supports the fiqhiyah prohibition while also demanding legal certainty for the civil rights of citizens.
The Influence of Influencer Marketing, Online Customer Reviews, and Price on Purchase Intention of Oh My Glam (Omg) Beauty Products on Shopee E-Commerce (Study on Generation Z in Surabaya City)
The rapid growth of the beauty industry in Indonesia’s e-commerce sector is driving competition among cosmetic brands, including the local brand Oh My Glam (OMG). In this context, companies need to understand the factors that can increase consumers’ purchase intention. This study aims to analyze the influence of influencer marketing, online customer reviews, and price on purchase intention for Oh My Glam (OMG) Beauty products on the Shopee e-commerce platform among Generation Z in Surabaya. Using an associative quantitative method, the study sample consisted of 157 respondents obtained through non-probability sampling using a questionnaire as the research instrument. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression via SPSS 25. The data analysis techniques used included a research instrument test, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, a coefficient of determination (R²) test, an F-test, and a t-test. The results indicate that Influencer Marketing, Online Customer Reviews, and Price simultaneously have a significant effect on purchase intention for Oh My Glam (OMG) products. Influencer Marketing has a partial, positive, and significant influence on purchase intention for Oh My Glam (OMG) products. Online Customer Reviews have a partial, positive, and significant influence on purchase intention for Oh My Glam (OMG) products, and price has a partial, positive, and significant influence on purchase intention for Oh My Glam (OMG) products.
The Utilization Of Generative Artificial Intelligence In The Preparation Of Assessment Questions And The Development Of Learning Materials In Education Units
This research is motivated by the increasing use of Generative AI in the field of education, but the relationship between the use of this technology and teachers' ability to support the learning process still needs to be understood. This research aims to determine the level of utilization of Generative AI and the relationship between factors related to the use of Generative AI in the preparation of assessment questions and the development of teaching materials in junior high schools, describe the forms of utilization of Generative AI in the preparation of assessment questions and the development of teaching materials; as well as identify the challenges, obstacles, and needs of teachers in utilizing this technology. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive correlational design. The research sample consisted of 62 teachers. Data were collected thru questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation tests with the help of SPSS version 25. The research results show a positive and significant relationship between the use of Generative AI and teachers' ability to develop assessment questions. These findings indicate that Generative AI can function as a supportive technology to assist teachers in creating assessment questions more effectively and efficiently. Additionally, Generative AI can be utilized as an alternative tool to develop various assessment items, adjust the difficulty level of questions, and support the evaluation process. Therefore, educational institutions can consider integrating Generative AI as a supportive resource to enhance the quality of assessment development. However, schools must ensure that the use of Generative AI is implemented wisely and remains aligned with learning objectives, content relevance, and student characteristics. These findings indicate that Generative AI has been widely used by teachers and is related to various aspects that support the effectiveness of assessment preparation and learning material development.